ASA Section Proposal: Global Middle East and North Africa

January 10, 2024

Petition for Section on the “Global Middle East and North Africa” at the American Sociological Association

[To sign the petition, please click here.]

I am a current member of the American Sociological Association (click here to join or to renew your membership), and I support the creation of a new ASA Section on the Global Middle East and North Africa. I understand that signing this petition is a commitment to join and pay dues to the Section (click here to see the dues of existing sections) for at least two years.

Section dues for graduate students will be paid for the first two years by a group of anonymous donors.

This survey is active from January 10 through June 30, 2024.

Proposal for Section on the “Global Middle East and North Africa” at the American Sociological Association

Purpose of the proposed section

The section on the Global Middle East and North Africa will provide an intellectual home in the American Sociological Association and an opportunity for activities at the Annual Meeting for sociologists who specialize in the study of the Middle East and North Africa, diasporas from the region, and Islam and Muslims, regardless of world region. Greater support for sociologists working on the Global Middle East and North Africa will help to internationalize a discipline that has always aspired to global relevance.

The section plans to organize panels at the Annual Meeting on longstanding issues in the sociology of the Global Middle East and North Africa, emerging themes in the field, and sociological perspectives on current events related to the field. The section also plans to continue its tradition, established in 2007, of gathering during the Annual Meeting for a meal and informal conversation.

One important goal of this initiative is to create an intellectual space that attracts new scholars to the ASA, including sociologists of the Global Middle East and North Africa who have not felt that the ASA offered forums for their work; social scientists from outside of sociology who may be drawn to the conversations we would like to organize (many non-sociologists are members of scholarly networks that have generated this proposal); and sociologists from the Middle East, North Africa, and other parts of the world who have not participated regularly in the ASA. The section also aims to be a welcoming space for critical scholarship and for scholars confronting threats to academic freedom.

The title of this section is intentionally oxymoronic, incorporating both a regional component and a global component. The regional component refers to the study of societies of the Middle East and North Africa, while the global component refers to the study of peoples of Middle Eastern and North African descent, as well as Muslim communities that are not necessarily of Middle Eastern and North African descent, both within and outside of the Middle East and North Africa.

This inclusive combination stems from the collaborative work of three overlapping networks of sociologists. The Middle East Sociology Working Group (http://mideastsociology.org), directed by Charles Kurzman at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, has organized two informal gatherings each year since 2007 at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association and the Middle East Studies Association. The Sociology of Islam and Muslim Societies network, directed by Dr. Tuğrul Keskin, maintains an active listserv of more than 1,000 sociologists worldwide and has established a peer-reviewed journal, Sociology of Islam (published by Brill since 2013). A third network is comprised of sociologists affiliated with the multidisciplinary Arab American Studies Association, including the association’s past president Louise Cainkar of Marquette University. The association has organized panels on Arab Americans and the Arab world for the ASA Annual Meeting in alternating years, as determined by the ASA program committee. The label “Global Middle East and North Africa” was forged through an online survey and intensive discussions among members of all three networks.

Linkages with other ASA sections

Currently, sociologists working on the Global Middle East and North Africa are scattered among numerous ASA sections, including Collective Behavior and Social Movements; Community and Urban Sociology; Comparative and Historical Sociology; Global and Transnational Sociology; International Migration; Peace, War, and Social Conflict; Political Sociology; Population; Racial and Ethnic Minorities; Religion; and Sex and Gender. These and other sections are represented in the overview, presented below, of selected themes in the sociology of the Global Middle East and North Africa. Because of this breadth, the formation of a new section is not likely to significantly affect participation in any existing ASA section.

The organizers of the proposed section are eager to partner with other ASA sections for joint panels, special events offering sociological perspectives on current events related to the Global Middle East and North Africa, and other activities.

Brief history of the field

The Middle East and North Africa have had a long but sporadic presence in sociology, even before there was a geographic region called “the Middle East” – the region was invented in the early 20th century in Great Britain and the United States (Bonine, Amanat, and Gasper 2011), and came to be adopted in the languages of the region only later in the century (al-sharq al-awsat in Arabic, ha-mizrach ha-tikun in Hebrew, khavar-e mianeh in Persian, orta doğu in Turkish, etc.). Fourteenth-century Arab scholar Ibn Khaldun, author of al-Muqaddimah, is considered by many to be a precursor of modern sociology, and Middle Eastern and North African case material appears in many of the founding texts of sociology, including Emile Durkheim’s Division of Labor in Society ([1893] 2014:72), Franklin Henry Giddings’s Principles of Sociology (1896:301), and – more extensively, but also problematically — Max Weber’s comparative sociology of religions (Turner 1974, 2010). These and other references to the Middle East and North Africa in sociology’s formative period focused generally on ancient rather than contemporary societies of the region.

Only after World War II, as area studies began to develop at universities in the United States and other countries, did sociologists begin to write extensively on the region, most notably Joseph Chelhod’s Introduction à la sociologie de l’Islam (1958), which focuses primarily on early Islam in Arabia, and Daniel Lerner’s The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (1958), which focuses primarily on mid-20th century Turkey. For the next three decades, the number of sociologists interested in the region remained sparse. A survey of U.S. university-based Middle East studies centers in the mid-1990s by sociologist Louise Cainkar found that only one had a sociologist on its faculty.

Over the subsequent decades, however, sociological attention to the Middle East and North Africa has grown significantly. The primary cause of this increased sociological attention to the Middle East, and increased disciplinary attention to the work of sociologists who study the region, was no doubt the attacks of September 11, 2001. However, many senior sociologists who study the “Global Middle East and North Africa” were trained prior to this period. These scholars form a cadre that is now represented at the senior level at many doctorate-producing sociology departments in the United States, including the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Maryland-College Park, the University of Michigan, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the University of Texas. These departments, and many others, have trained a growing cohort of younger scholars who specialize in these subjects.

A sign of the field’s growth is the recent publication of two handbooks on the sociology of the Middle East, one by Oxford (Salvatore, Hanafi, and Obuse 2022) and one by I.B. Tauris (Göçek and Evcimen 2022). The sociology of Islam, which is included in the scope of the Global Middle East and North Africa, has generated two journals (Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam, published by Lit Verlag in Germany since 1998, and Sociology of Islam, published by Brill since 2013), two Annual Review of Sociology papers (Moaddel 2002; Kurzman 2019), and two synoptic volumes (Keskin 2012; Salvatore 2016).

For a decade, the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association offered special sessions on “The Middle East and Muslim Societies” and on Middle Eastern Americans in alternating years. With this proposed section, all of these areas of study will be represented consistently on the program.

Among the themes that have attracted significant attention in the sociology of the Global Middle East and North Africa — citing only representative works in English by leading sociologists in the field — are:

Gender and Sexuality Studies. Since the pathbreaking work of sociologist Fatima Mernissi ([1975] 1987) on shifts in gender relations in the Middle East in the 20th century, a major strand of research involves the study of legal regimes governing women’s rights (Charrad 2011), including longue durée analysis of the social structural roots of different national trajectories (Charrad 2001, winner of the ASA’s best book award in 2004) and contemporary analysis of the cultural politics surrounding gendered legal regimes (Hasso 2011; Moallem 2005; Salime 2011; Shahrokni 2020). Sociologists have also studied depictions of women by colonial forces and by Orientalist authors (Salem 2013; Yeğenoğlu 1998), as well as changing family structures (Hasso 2011; Salime 2018) and economic position (Moghadam 1998, 2013b); debates on veiling (Göle 1997; Lazreg 2009; Mernissi 1991) and on women’s movements, including the relationship of women’s rights to nationalist mobilization (Hasso 2005; Johnson and Kuttab 2001; Lazreg 1994); and the intertwined history of secular and religious discourses of women’s rights (Moghadam 2013a; Rinaldo 2013; Salime 2011). Another strand of research examines attitudes toward gender relations using survey data (Meyer and Lobao 2003; Meyer, Rizzo, and Ali 2005; Rizzo, Abdelatif, and Meyer 2007; Rizzo, Meyer, and Ali 2002). A new generation of scholars is examining non-normative sexualities (Özyegin 2015; Savci 2021) and campaigns against sexual violence (Gökalp 2010) in Middle Eastern societies. Others highlight Middle Eastern women’s agency and political activism (Beșpınar 2010; Stephan 2010, 2013, 2014).

Within the study of diasporas (see section below on migration and mobility), a number of sociologists have examined Muslim women’s experiences in North America and Western Europe, including the study of gender among refugees (Abdi 2015; Gowayed 2019; Iqbal et al. 2021; Milkie et al. 2020), women and work (Read 2004), the study of gender in the sociology of religion (Avishai, Jafar, and Rinaldo 2015), the intersection of gender and race (Ajrouche 2004; Prickett 2015), the experiences of hijabi women (Abdelhadi 2019; Karaman and Christian 2020; Zine 2006), and gendered experiences of Islamophobia (Mirza and Metoo 2018; Stein and Salime 2015).

Revolutionary movements. Since the 1980s, sociologists have studied Islamic revolutionary movements across the Middle East and North Africa (Arjomand 1984a; Ebrahim 1980) and especially in Iran (Arjomand 1988, 2009; Kurzman 2004; Moaddel 1993; Parsa 1989). Since 9/11, this field has grown to include the study of Islamic terrorism (Deflem 2010; Karell and Freedman 2019; Kurzman 2019b; Salime 2015; Turk 2004; Vertigans 2009), including scholars who had not previously studied the Middle East but were drawn to address one of the pressing issues of our day (Hagen, Kaiser and Hansen 2016; Senechal de la Roche 2004; Smelser 2007; Tilly 2004). The 2011 revolutionary wave in the Middle East and North Africa prompted widespread attention from sociologists (e.g., Bayat 2017; Beck 2014; Hasso and Salime 2016; Moghadam and Mako 2021; Moss 2020, 2022; Volpi and Jasper 2018), along with other revolutionary movements, both in comparative perspective (e.g., Kadivar 2022) and with a focus on specific regional contexts (e.g., Said 2023; Schoon 2015, 2017).

Islamic reform movements. Alongside the study of Islamic revolutionary movements, sociologists have also studied early Islamic reforms (Arjomand 1984b; Bamyeh 1999) and modern Islamic reformism, including the Muslim Brotherhood and its interlocutors in Egypt (Kandil 2014; Mirshak 2023; Salvatore 1997); political and social attitudes among orthodox Muslims (Aksoy and Gambetta 2022; Davis and Robinson 2006; Gorman 2019); Islamic neoliberalism and its effects in Turkey (Aksoy and Billari 2018; Çakmaklı et al. 2017; Hendrick 2013; Tugal 2009; Turam 2007); reformist movements in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Ghamari-Tabrizi 2008; Kadivar 2013; Sadri and Sadri 2000); and “post-Islamist” movements throughout the Middle East (Bayat 2013; Vaughn et al. 2022). A particularly ambitious example of this line of work examines the social and ideological settings of Islamic reformist movements, alongside Islamic revolutionary and nationalist movements, since the 19^th century (Moaddel 2005).

Nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism in the Global Middle East emerged in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire (Barkey and von Hagen 1997; Göçek 2011, 2015; Kasaba 2009; Shafir 1996), and the dynamics of empire and nationalism have continued to shape the region and our understanding of it. Regarding nationalism, among the most scrutinized successors to this Ottoman legacy are Israeli and Palestinian nationalisms (Hasso 2005; Jad 2018; Khazzoom 2008; Shafir 2002; Sorek 2015), as well as the interaction between the two (Alimi 2007, 2015; Araj and Brym 2010; Brym and Araj 2006; Gawerc 2012; Hajjar 2005; Schneider 2020; Sorek 2007). Nationalism also appears in multiple facets of the political sociology of the Middle East, include the study of civil society (Bamyeh 2012; Barakat 1993; Ibrahim 2002; Ibrahim and Hopkins 1998); state formation (Barkey 1994, 2008; El-Husseini 2012; Harris forthcoming); and political unrest (Kadivar 2013; Khalaf 2004; Ritter 2014; Schoon 2015), including special issues of sociological journals on the “Arab Spring” uprisings and their aftermath (Bamyeh and Hanafi 2015; Kurzman 2012). Recent work in this area has also turned attention to the dynamics of empire in the region, demonstrating the historical role that empires played in shaping the Middle East and North Africa, and tracing the contemporary implications of these dynamics (Emrence 2015; Göçek 2013; Wyrtzen 2022). Moreover, even scholars who have not previously studied the Middle East have turned attention to the region to inform analyses of the dynamics and consequences of imperialism (e.g., Boatca 2007; Go 2015; Go and Watson 2019).

Middle Eastern and North African Migration and Mobility. Questions related to migration and the movement of people have a rich history in the sociology of the Middle East. Sociologists are prominent in comparative national studies of Middle Eastern and North African diasporas (Abdelhady 2011; Cainkar 2013; Sadeghi 2023), Middle Eastern and North African communities in Europe (Beaman 2017; Drouhot 2021), migration within the Middle East and North Africa (Ali 2010; Srehana 2020), diasporic memory (Maghbouleh 2010, 2013), and diasporic political mobilization (Moss 2020, 2022).

Sociologists have noted the significant increase in the population of Middle Eastern and North African communities in the United States since 1960s (Kayyali 2006; Marvasti and McKinney 2004). Sociologist Elaine Hagopian co-edited the first collection of scholarly studies of Arab-Americans (Hagopian and Paden 1969), and more recently, sociologist Louise Cainkar co-edited the first reader in Arab-American studies (Cainkar, Honsi Vinson, and Jarmakani 2022). Sociologists also helped to produce the first studies of Iranian-Americans (Bozorgmehr and Sabagh 1988; Kelley, Friedlander, and Colby 1993). Due to their increase in number, political significance, and social activism, as well as the academy’s greater openness, sociological studies of Middle Eastern and North African communities in North America have proliferated in the past two decades, including research on social identities (Ajrouch and Shin 2018), residential integration (Holsinger 2009), and health and aging (Read, Ajrouch, and West 2018). Much sociological work has demonstrated the insecurity, victimization, and rights violations experienced by these communities after 9/11, generated by intense national security scrutiny and racialized discourses (Baker et al 2009; Cainkar 2009; Bakalian and Bozorgmehr 2010; Disha, Cavendish and King 2011; Love 2017; Khoshneviss 2019b) as well as by military engagements connected to US imperial interest (Khoshneviss 2019a). Sociologists have further explored the U.S. and other governments’ social construction of terrorism and the terrorist (Kurzman 2019; Husain 2021).

In a significant shift, sociological scholarship on race now incorporates studies of the racialization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans (Cainkar and Selod 2018; Khoshneviss 2021; Maghbouleh 2017, 2020; Maghbouleh et al. 2022), who were virtually absent from mainstream race and ethnic studies two decades ago (Cainkar 2003). Parallel sociological work explores the racialization of Islam and Muslims and the intersection of race and religion (Garner and Selod 2015; Husain 2017; Yazdiha 2020a). The sociology of religion has also turned its gaze to Islam in America more generally, examining Islamic revival among the children of immigrants (Cainkar 2004), Muslim identities and Islamic practices (Williams 2011; Williams and Vashi 2007), Islamic schools (Guhin 2021), Muslim teenagers (O’Brien 2017), collective action (Yazdiha 2020b, 2021), and the formation of an American Islam (Bilici 2012).

Prompted in no small part by the revolutionary wave in the Middle East and North Africa and, in particular, the wars in Iraq and Syria, sociologists have also explored the experience of refugees and forced migration (FitzGerald and Arar 2018), including tangible and intangible push factors (Dennison 2021; Kirkic forthcoming), the political economy of resettlement (Arar and FitzGerald 2022; Gowayed 2022), refugees and news media (Arjomand 2022), differences between refugees and other migrants (Arar 2016), the medical and social dynamics of determining refugee rights (Bialas 2023), the unintended effects of humanitarian aid (Dinger 2022), and the challenges of a sense of belonging (Crane 2021; Dromgold-Sermen 2022; Kayaalp 2021; Keyel 2023).

Economic development, health, and inequality. The Middle East has formed a small but important focus of the study of economic development since Lerner’s (1958) work on Turkey and Amin’s (1974) critique of global capitalist inequality. More recent studies include an examination of the position of the region in the 19th and early 20th century world economy (Göçek 1996; Kasaba 1988), rentierism (Jenkins et al. 2011), knowledge production in the Arab region (Hanafi and Arvanitis 2016), and the growth of Islamic finance (Calder forthcoming). In the area of health, Yount and colleagues (2000, 2001, 2005, 2020) have studied nutrition, disability, female genital cutting, and fertility and mortality rates in North Africa, while Ajrouch and colleagues (2012, 2013, 2014) have focused on gerontology in the Levant. Urbanist Abu-Lughod (1971, 1981) pioneered U.S. sociological studies of Middle Eastern and North African cities.

Diversity and inclusion

The proposed Section on the Global Middle East and North Africa is being organized by a diverse community of scholars who aim not only to represent the diversity of the regions and communities we study, but also to invite a diverse group of colleagues to join us in this work. Several organizers of the proposed Section were members of the ASA’s Committee on the Status of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Sociology, which produced the 2021 report “The Experiences of MENA/SWANA-Identified Junior Sociology Faculty.” Acting on a recommendation in this report, ASA Council added a MENA/SWANA category to its forms and documents, allowing for more accurate documentation and effective service provision. To address the experience of racism based on ethnic, religious, or racial identity that the report identified in the context of teaching, research, service, job search, and within the field of sociology in general, the proposed Section will strive to mentor and support those who have such experiences and will be committed to being a source of strength, respect, welcome, and thoughtful critique for all sociologists.

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